Improving Equity in Urban Immunization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Qualitative Document Review

Introduction: As the world continues to urbanize, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, understanding barriers effective interventions improve urban immunization equity is critical achieving both Immunization Agenda 2030 targets Sustainable Development Goals. Approximately 25 million children missed one or more doses of diphtheria, tetanus pertussis (DTP3) vaccine 2021 it estimated that close 30% world’s missing first dose DTP, known as zero-dose, live peri-urban settings. Methods: The aim this research through a qualitative review mixed method studies, strategies funding proposals across than 70 areas developed between 2016 2020, supported by Gavi, Vaccine Alliance. These studies created body evidence regarding vaccination settings potential relevant countries (LMICs) with focus on poor, populations concern residents informal settlements. Through document we identified common challenges equitable coverage mapped proposed interventions. Results: We documents part categorized results (1) social determinants health, (2) service-delivery (3) quality services. Barriers solutions were these thematic areas, drawing information from 21 countries. Conclusion: Populations such migrants, refugees, settlements poor face accessing care which include availability service. Example tailored delivery strategies, improved use digital data collection child-friendly More required efficacy gender-specific dynamics affecting coverage.